Non-perinatally and perinatally PWH young adults differ in clinical characteristics like duration of HIV infection, age at diagnosis, and the likelihood of being exposed to suboptimal ART regimes, apart from differences in psychosocial events (such as parental loss). Adolescents and young adults with HIV can historically be divided by mode of HIV acquisition: non-perinatally and perinatally PWH. Underlying developmental, social, and psychological factors related to adolescence were previously found to influence optimal treatment in adolescents and young adults with HIV. Data from the United States as well as the United Kingdom (UK) consistently show the lowest percentage of viral suppression among 13- to 24-year-olds, compared to the high viral suppression levels in the total population (71.1%–87%). These poor treatment outcomes compared to adults occur even in developed countries where ART is generally available to all PWH. In general, for adolescents and young adults with HIV it is hard to achieve and maintain viral suppression a global meta-analysis showed adherence rates of only 62%. One of the most vulnerable groups for suboptimal treatment of PWH are adolescents and young adults (aged 10–24 years ). Despite these improvements, access to treatment and long-term HIV viral suppression are still not established among all PWH. With the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for successful suppression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), clinical outcomes for people with HIV (PWH) have improved drastically over the last 20 years.
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